Medically Reviewed
Reviewed by MCC Editorial Team, Evidence-Based Nutrition & Health Writers · RDN, PhD, MSc
Last reviewed: 12 April 2026
Medical disclaimer: The information in this article is for educational purposes only. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making significant dietary or lifestyle changes, especially if you have a medical condition.
维生素D是人类健康中最重要且最被误解的营养素之一。它实际上是一种类固醇激素前体,而非维生素,影响超过1000个基因,几乎影响身体的每一个系统——然而,缺乏症极为普遍,全球估计有10亿到20亿人受到影响。
缺乏症的后果远不止于众所周知的佝偻病和骨质疏松症。过去二十年的研究将低维生素D状态与多发性硬化症、1型和2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、某些癌症、抑郁、自身免疫疾病以及——如疫情期间的研究所强调——呼吸道感染的严重性增加联系在一起。
本指南提供了关于维生素D的作用、缺乏症为何如此普遍以及研究表明如何优化您的状态的严谨、基于证据的概述。
维生素D在体内的实际作用
维生素D作为激素前体发挥作用。在皮肤合成或从食物/补充剂中吸收后,首先在肝脏转化为25-羟基维生素D(血液检测中测量的形式),然后在肾脏和外周组织转化为其活性激素形式(1,25-二羟基维生素D,或称为钙三醇)。
钙三醇与几乎每个组织中的维生素D受体(VDRs)结合——骨骼、肌肉、免疫细胞、大脑、胰腺、心血管组织——并影响数百个基因的表达。
**主要确认功能:** • **钙和磷的吸收:**维生素D显著提高肠道对钙的吸收效率(从约15%提高到约40%)。没有足够的维生素D,即使高钙摄入也无法防止与缺乏相关的骨质流失。 • **骨骼矿化:**缺乏症导致骨骼矿化受损——儿童佝偻病、成人骨软化症(骨骼软化)和加速骨质疏松症。 • **免疫调节:**维生素D调节先天和适应性免疫反应。缺乏症与呼吸道感染的易感性增加相关,补充维生素D在荟萃分析中显示可以降低急性呼吸道感染的风险。 • **肌肉功能:**低维生素D与肌肉无力、老年人跌倒和身体表现受损相关。 • **胰岛素分泌:**胰腺β细胞中的维生素D受体影响胰岛素分泌;缺乏症与葡萄糖代谢受损相关。
25-羟基维生素D血液检测是评估您维生素D状态的确切方法。向您的全科医生请求此检测或使用家庭指尖采血测试。最佳范围:75–150 nmol/L(30–60 ng/mL)。低于50 nmol/L被大多数指南视为缺乏。
缺乏症为何如此普遍
**阳光是主要来源——大多数人摄入不足:** 约80–90%的维生素D在人体内是在紫外线B(UVB)照射下合成的。问题在于:UVB合成需要在太阳高于地平线约45°的角度时,紫外线B光才能穿透大气。在英国(纬度51–58°N),这一条件仅在大约4月至9月之间满足,并且仅在晴天的中午时段的几个小时内。
在英国和北欧的6–7个月中,无论阳光照射如何,几乎没有维生素D的合成。北美北部、加拿大和斯堪的纳维亚在一年中的不同时间也面临同样的问题。
其他减少合成的因素:深色皮肤色素(黑色素吸收UVB,降低合成——深色皮肤的人需要显著更多的阳光照射才能产生相同量的维生素D)、年龄(皮肤合成维生素D的能力在20岁到70岁之间减少约75%)、防晒霜(SPF 15将合成减少约99%)以及室内生活方式。
**饮食来源有限:** 很少有食物自然含有显著的维生素D: • 油性鱼(鲑鱼、鲭鱼、沙丁鱼、鲱鱼):每100克300–1000 IU • 蛋黄:每个约100 IU • 紫外线处理的蘑菇:变化(蘑菇在暴露于UVB时产生维生素D2) • 强化食品:牛奶、某些植物奶、谷物、黄油——通常每份80–100 IU
即使是保守的推荐每日摄入量600–800 IU,仅靠食物也很难满足大多数人的需求。
Ask your GP or doctor for a 25(OH)D blood test if you experience unexplained fatigue, bone pain, or frequent infections — especially heading into winter.
“维生素D缺乏是一个全球性流行病,正在被大多数人忽视。对人类健康的后果是巨大的,解决方案也很简单。”
— 迈克尔·霍利克,医学博士,波士顿大学医学院
维生素D与健康结果的证据
**骨骼健康(强有力的确凿证据):**维生素D缺乏会导致佝偻病、骨软化症和加速骨质疏松。补充维生素D与钙结合可以降低老年人骨折风险——尤其是那些确诊缺乏的人。
**呼吸道感染(强有力证据):**2017年在BMJ发表的一项荟萃分析涵盖了25项随机对照试验和约11000名参与者,发现维生素D补充可以整体降低急性呼吸道感染的风险12%,在严重缺乏者中降低70%。每日或每周补充比大剂量补充更有效。
**心血管疾病(中等证据):**观察性研究显示缺乏症与心血管风险增加相关。随机对照试验(RCT)对补充益处的证据不一——VITAL试验(2019年)发现补充并未减少心血管事件,尽管二次分析表明对基线缺乏者有益。
**癌症(中等/新兴证据):**VITAL发现维生素D补充组的癌症死亡率降低25%(而非发病率)。观察数据中,结直肠癌与维生素D状态之间存在特别一致的负相关。
**抑郁和情绪(中等证据):**多项荟萃分析发现低维生素D与抑郁之间存在关联;补充RCT显示抑郁症状有所改善,尤其是在确诊缺乏者中。
**COVID-19严重性:**多项观察性研究显示低维生素D与严重COVID-19之间存在明显关联。补充治疗的RCT证据不太一致,尽管英国NICE指南现在支持对高风险人群进行补充。
维生素D最常见的剂量错误是补充不足且频率过低。许多英国指南建议每日补充400 IU(10微克)——这足以防止严重缺乏,但不太可能使缺乏者达到最佳水平。研究一致发现每日补充2000–4000 IU对大多数成年人是安全的,并且更有效地达到最佳血清浓度。
如何检测和纠正维生素D状态
**检测:** 如果您住在纬度40°N以北,皮肤较深,室内工作,超重(维生素D是脂溶性的,储存在脂肪组织中),或有骨痛或肌肉无力,请向您的全科医生请求血清25-羟基维生素D检测。
**解读结果(nmol/L):** • < 25 nmol/L:严重缺乏——与佝偻病/骨软化症相关 • 25–50 nmol/L:缺乏——与骨质流失和免疫功能障碍相关 • 50–75 nmol/L:不足——对大多数功能来说不理想 • 75–150 nmol/L:最佳——大多数研究将此范围与最佳结果相关联 • > 200 nmol/L:潜在毒性风险(罕见;需要持续非常高的补充)
**补充:** • **形式:**维生素D3(胆钙化醇)优于D2(麦角钙化醇)以提高血清水平——使用D3。 • **维持剂量(确认状态充足):**冬季每日1000–2000 IU;如果阳光照射有限,则全年补充。 • **纠正缺乏的剂量:**每日3000–5000 IU,持续3个月后再检测。一些指南在医生监督下对严重缺乏使用更高剂量(10,000 IU)。 • **与脂肪一起服用:**维生素D是脂溶性的——与含脂肪的餐食一起服用时吸收显著更好。 • **维生素K2共同补充:**维生素D增加钙的吸收;维生素K2(MK-7形式)确保这些钙被导向骨骼和动脉,而不是软组织。特别是在高剂量时,越来越推荐共同补充。
**安全上限:**欧盟食品科学委员会和大多数主要机构认为每日4000 IU对没有医学监督的成年人是安全的。补充导致的毒性(导致高钙血症)是罕见的,但在持续剂量超过每日10,000 IU的情况下已有文献记录。
Place mushrooms gill-side up in direct sunlight for 15–30 minutes before eating to significantly increase their vitamin D2 content.
Sunlight, Season, and Sensible Exposure
Sunlight remains the most powerful driver of vitamin D status for most people, and understanding how to use it effectively while managing skin cancer risk is a genuine balancing act. The critical variable is UVB radiation, specifically wavelengths between 290 and 315 nanometres, which is only present at the Earth's surface when the sun is at an angle greater than approximately 35 degrees above the horizon. Shadow length is a useful practical guide: if your shadow is shorter than your height, UVB is likely sufficient for vitamin D synthesis. In summer at temperate latitudes, as little as 10–30 minutes of midday sun exposure to the face, arms, and legs can generate between 1000 and 3000 IU of vitamin D3, though this varies widely with skin tone, age, body surface area exposed, and local UV index. The body has a natural ceiling on synthesis: once the skin's 7-dehydrocholesterol is depleted, further sun exposure does not produce additional vitamin D — it simply degrades the vitamin D already made, which is one reason sunburn without meaningful vitamin D production is a real risk if timing is poor. Glass, standard sunscreen above SPF 15, and clothing all substantially block UVB. The optimal strategy for most people at temperate latitudes is moderate, unprotected midday sun exposure during the warmer months to build up vitamin D stores, while avoiding sunburn and using sunscreen for prolonged outdoor activities. During autumn and winter, dietary sources and supplementation become the primary strategy.
Supplementation: Dosing, Forms, and Safety
For the many people who cannot meet their vitamin D needs through sunlight and diet alone, supplementation is a practical, safe, and effective solution. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is consistently shown to raise serum 25(OH)D levels more effectively than D2 (ergocalciferol) and is generally the preferred supplemental form. Standard maintenance doses for adults typically range from 1000 to 2000 IU daily, while those with confirmed deficiency or high-risk profiles may be recommended 3000–5000 IU daily under medical supervision. Public health bodies in the UK recommend 400 IU daily for the general population during autumn and winter, though many clinicians and researchers argue this is insufficient to meaningfully raise serum levels in people who start from a depleted baseline. Because vitamin D is fat-soluble, it is absorbed significantly better when taken with a meal containing fat — something as simple as taking the supplement with breakfast rather than on an empty stomach can meaningfully improve uptake. Toxicity from supplementation is possible but requires sustained high doses: the tolerable upper intake level is generally set at 4000 IU per day for adults, though short-term therapeutic doses of up to 10,000 IU are used clinically without toxicity in most people. Hypervitaminosis D causes hypercalcaemia — elevated blood calcium — with symptoms including nausea, weakness, frequent urination, kidney stones, and in severe cases cardiac arrhythmia. Combined vitamin D and K2 supplementation is often recommended because K2 (particularly MK-7) helps direct calcium to bones rather than soft tissues, which is particularly relevant when supplementing vitamin D at higher doses over the long term.
Take your vitamin D supplement with your fattiest meal of the day — typically lunch or dinner — to optimise absorption.
Key Takeaways
维生素D缺乏是发达国家中最普遍且最易纠正的公共健康问题之一。检测简单,补充在推荐范围内便宜且安全,潜在健康益处巨大。如果您生活在纬度40°N以北且最近没有检测过维生素D,这是最有价值的健康检查之一。
Frequently Asked Questions
我可以仅通过食物获得足够的维生素D吗?▼
夏季没有补充剂的阳光暴露是否足够?▼
维生素D会不会过量?▼
References
- [1]Holick MF (2007). “Vitamin D Deficiency.” New England Journal of Medicine. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra070553 PMID: 17634462
- [2]Forrest KY, Stuhldreher WL (2011). “Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults.” Nutrition Research. DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.12.001 PMID: 21310306
- [3]Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Hooper RL, et al. (2017). “Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis.” BMJ. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i6583 PMID: 28202713
- [4]Schöttker B, Haug U, Schomburg L, et al. (2013). “Strong associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality in a large cohort study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.047712 PMID: 23446906
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Written by MCC Editorial Team, Evidence-Based Nutrition & Health Writers. Published 12 April 2026. Last reviewed 12 April 2026.
This article cites 4 peer-reviewed sources. See the full reference list below.
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Our editorial team comprises registered dietitians, PhD nutritionists, and food scientists who research and write evidence-based articles reviewed against current peer-reviewed literature.